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Black War

  • 1 Black War

    Австралийский сленг: "Чёрная война" (военные действия с целью сегрегации всех аборигенов Тасмании в 1828 - 1831 гг., которые привели к их уничтожению и вымиранию; тж. Black Line)

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Black War

  • 2 Black War

    ист. «Чёрная война» (военные действия с целью сегрегации всех аборигенов Тасмании в 1828 – 1831 гг., которые привели к их уничтожению и вымиранию; см. тж. Black Line)

    Australia and New Zealand. English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Black War

  • 3 Black Line

    Австралийский сленг: "Чёрная линия" (, во время кот. цепь из 5000 стрелков "прочесала" Тасманию с севера на юго-восток, убивая и вытесняя аборигенов с острова; Black War, 1830; одна из военных операций "Чёрной войны")

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Black Line

  • 4 black line

    Австралийский сленг: "Чёрная линия" (, во время кот. цепь из 5000 стрелков "прочесала" Тасманию с севера на юго-восток, убивая и вытесняя аборигенов с острова; Black War, 1830; одна из военных операций "Чёрной войны")

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > black line

  • 5 Black Line

    ист. «Чёрная линия» (одна из военных операций «Чёрной войны» { Black War, 1830}, во время кот. цепь из 5000 стрелков «прочесала» Тасманию с севера на юго-восток, убивая и вытесняя аборигенов с острова)

    Australia and New Zealand. English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Black Line

  • 6 black-and-white

    (a) (photograph, television) noir et blanc;
    ∎ Cinema a black-and-white film un film en noir et blanc
    (b) figurative (clear-cut) précis, net;
    ∎ there's no black-and-white solution le problème n'est pas simple;
    ∎ he has very black-and-white views on the war il a des idées très arrêtées sur la guerre
    2 noun
    Art (drawing, print) dessin m en noir et blanc; Photography (photograph) photographie f en noir et blanc

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > black-and-white

  • 7 black out

    black out а) вымарывать, замазывать текст черной краской; не пропускать,запрещать The advertisement for the concert tells where it will take place,but the date has been blacked out. б) маскировать; затемнять; выключать светDuring the war we had to black out all our windows. The stage was blacked outto hide a change of scenery. в) amer. засекречивать Reports of the peace talkshave been blacked out for twenty-four hours so as to allow freer argument. г)на мгновение терять сознание After the accident he blacked out and couldn'tremember what happened. д) заглушать (радиопередачу) Television shows wereblacked out as the union trouble spread.

    Англо-русский словарь Мюллера > black out

  • 8 black market

    black 'mar·ket n
    Schwarzmarkt m;
    there was a thriving \black market in cigarettes during the war während des Krieges blühte der Schwarzhandel mit Zigaretten

    English-German students dictionary > black market

  • 9 black

    1. adjective
    1) schwarz; (very dark) dunkel
    2)

    Black — (dark-skinned) schwarz

    Black man/woman/child — Schwarze, der/Schwarze, die/schwarzes Kind

    3) (looking gloomy) düster

    things look black — es sieht böse od. düster aus

    4) (wicked) schwarz [Gedanken]

    he is not as black as he is painted — er ist nicht so schlecht, wie er dargestellt wird

    5) (dismal)
    6) (macabre) schwarz [Witz, Humor]
    2. noun
    1) (colour) Schwarz, das
    2)

    Black — (person) Schwarze, der/die

    3) (credit)

    [be] in the black — in den schwarzen Zahlen [sein]

    3. transitive verb
    1) (blacken) schwärzen
    2) (boycott) bestreiken [Betrieb]; boykottieren [Arbeit]
    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/7327/black_out">black out
    * * *
    [blæk] 1. adjective
    1) (of the colour in which these words are printed: black paint.) schwarz
    2) (without light: a black night; The night was black and starless.) dunkel
    3) (dirty: Your hands are black!; black hands from lifting coal.) schmutzig
    4) (without milk: black coffee.) schwarz
    5) (evil: black magic.) schwarz,böse
    6) ((often offensive: currently acceptable in the United States, South Africa etc) Negro, of African, West Indian descent.)
    7) ((especially South Africa) coloured; of mixed descent (increasingly used by people of mixed descent to refer to themselves).) schwarz
    2. noun
    1) (the colour in which these words are printed: Black and white are opposites.) das Schwarz
    2) (something (eg paint) black in colour: I've used up all the black.) das Schwarz
    3) ((often with capital: often offensive: currently acceptable in the United states, South Africa etc) a Negro; a person of African, West Indian etc descent.) der/die Schwarze
    3. verb
    (to make black.) schwärzen
    - blackness
    - blacken
    - black art/magic
    - blackbird
    - blackboard
    - black box
    - the Black Death
    - black eye
    - blackhead
    - blacklist     4. verb
    (to put (a person etc) on such a list.) auf die schwarze Liste setzen
    5. noun
    (the act of blackmailing: money got by blackmail.) die Erpressung
    - blackmailer
    - Black Maria
    - black market
    - black marketeer
    - blackout
    - black sheep
    - blacksmith
    - black and blue
    - black out
    - in black and white
    * * *
    [blæk]
    I. adj
    1. (colour) schwarz
    \black bear Schwarzbär m
    as \black as night so schwarz wie die Nacht
    to be beaten \black and blue grün und blau geschlagen werden
    2. (dismal) schwarz fig, düster
    \black despair tiefste Verzweiflung
    to look as \black as thunder ein finsteres Gesicht machen; STOCKEX
    B\black Friday/Monday/Tuesday Schwarzer Freitag/Montag/Dienstag
    3. (filthy) schwarz, schmutzig
    4. (people) schwarz
    ▪ to be \black Schwarze(r) f(m) sein
    the \black vote die Stimmen pl der Schwarzen
    5.
    ▶ to paint a [very] \black picture ein düsteres Bild malen
    ▶ to be not as \black as one is painted nicht so schlecht wie sein Ruf sein
    II. n
    1. (person) Schwarze(r) f(m)
    2. no pl (wearing black clothes)
    to be dressed in \black in Schwarz gekleidet sein
    3. (not in debt)
    to be in the \black in den schwarzen Zahlen sein
    III. vt
    ▪ to \black sth
    1. (darken) etw schwarz färben
    to \black sb's eye ( dated) jdm ein blaues Auge schlagen
    to \black one's face sein Gesicht schwärzen [o schwarz anmalen]
    to \black shoes Schuhe wichsen
    2. BRIT (boycott) etw boykottieren
    * * *
    [blk]
    1. adj (+er)
    1) (colour) schwarz

    black man/woman — Schwarze(r) mf

    black and white photography/film — Schwarzweißfotografie f/-film m

    2) (= dirty) schwarz
    3) (= wicked) thought, plan, deed schwarz
    4) future, prospects, mood düster, finster

    this was a black day for... — das war ein schwarzer Tag für...

    5) (fig: angry) looks böse

    during strike) to declare a cargo etc black — eine Ladung etc für bestreikt erklären

    2. n
    1) (= colour) Schwarz nt

    to wear black (in mourning) — Trauer or Schwarz tragen

    it's written down in black and white —

    a film which oversimplifies and presents everything in black and white — ein Film, der durch seine Schwarzweißmalerei alles vereinfacht darstellt

    to swear that black is white — schwören, dass zwei mal zwei fünf ist

    2) (= black person) Schwarze(r) mf
    3)
    4) (CHESS ETC) Schwarz nt; (BILLIARDS) schwarzer Ball; (ROULETTE) Schwarz nt, Noir nt
    5) (of night) Schwärze f
    3. vt
    1) (= blacken) schwärzen

    to black one's face — sich (dat) das Gesicht schwarz machen

    2) shoes wichsen
    3) (Brit trade union) bestreiken; goods boykottieren
    * * *
    black [blæk]
    A adj (adv blackly)
    1. schwarz (auch Kaffee, Tee):
    (as) black as coal ( oder ink) kohlrabenschwarz;
    his hands were as black as coal seine Hände waren kohlschwarz;
    the house went black im ganzen Haus ging das Licht aus;
    suddenly everything went black plötzlich wurde mir schwarz vor Augen
    2. dunkel(farben):
    black in the face dunkelrot im Gesicht (vor Aufregung etc);
    beat sb black and blue jemanden grün und blau schlagen;
    he was black and blue all over er hatte am ganzen Körper oder überall blaue Flecken; → black eye
    black man Schwarze(r) m;
    a black ghetto ein von Schwarzen bewohntes Getto
    4. schwarz, schmutzig (Hände etc)
    5. fig finster, düster:
    look black düster blicken;
    things are looking black, the outlook is black es sieht schlimm aus ( for mit, für);
    black despair völlige Verzweiflung
    6. böse:
    a black day ein schwarzer Tag ( for für);
    a black deed eine schlimme Tat;
    black humo(u)r schwarzer Humor;
    a black look ein böser Blick;
    look black at sb, give sb a black look jemanden (böse) anfunkeln;
    be in a black mood schlechte Laune haben;
    he is not as ( oder so) black as he is painted er ist besser als sein Ruf
    7. schwarz, ungesetzlich (Zahlungen etc)
    8. WIRTSCH besonders Br boykottiert
    B s
    1. Schwarz n (auch bei Brettspielen), schwarze Farbe:
    dressed in black schwarz oder in Schwarz gekleidet
    2. (etwas) Schwarzes:
    in the black of the night in tiefster Nacht;
    two blacks do not make a white (Sprichwort) es ist nicht richtig, Unrecht mit Unrecht zu vergelten
    3. auch Black Schwarze(r) m/f(m)
    4. Schwärze f, schwarzer Farbstoff
    5. Schwarz n, schwarze Kleidung, Trauerkleidung f:
    be in ( oder wear) black Trauer(kleidung) tragen
    6. be in the black WIRTSCH
    a) mit Gewinn arbeiten
    b) aus den roten Zahlen heraus sein, schwarze Zahlen schreiben;
    7. WIRTSCH besonders Br Boykott m
    C v/t
    1. → blacken A 1, A 3
    2. Schuhe (schwarz) wichsen
    3. black sb’s eye jemandem ein blaues Auge oder umg ein Veilchen schlagen
    4. WIRTSCH besonders Br boykottieren
    D v/i → blacken B
    bl. abk
    1. WIRTSCH bale
    2. WIRTSCH barrel
    5. blue
    blk abk
    3. bulk
    * * *
    1. adjective
    1) schwarz; (very dark) dunkel
    2)

    Black — (dark-skinned) schwarz

    Black man/woman/child — Schwarze, der/Schwarze, die/schwarzes Kind

    3) (looking gloomy) düster

    things look black — es sieht böse od. düster aus

    4) (wicked) schwarz [Gedanken]

    he is not as black as he is painted — er ist nicht so schlecht, wie er dargestellt wird

    6) (macabre) schwarz [Witz, Humor]
    2. noun
    1) (colour) Schwarz, das
    2)

    Black — (person) Schwarze, der/die

    [be] in the black — in den schwarzen Zahlen [sein]

    3. transitive verb
    1) (blacken) schwärzen
    2) (boycott) bestreiken [Betrieb]; boykottieren [Arbeit]
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    adj.
    schmutzig adj.
    schwarz adj.
    unsauber adj. v.
    schwärzen v.

    English-german dictionary > black

  • 10 black market

    noun
    * * *
    ((a place for) the illegal buying and selling, at high prices, of goods that are scarce, rationed etc: coffee on the black market.) der Schwarzmarkt
    * * *
    black ˈmar·ket
    n Schwarzmarkt m
    there was a thriving \black market in cigarettes during the war während des Krieges blühte der Schwarzhandel mit Zigaretten
    * * *
    black market s schwarzer Markt, Schwarzmarkt m, -handel m:
    on the black market auf dem Schwarzmarkt, im Schwarzhandel
    * * *
    noun
    * * *
    n.
    Schwarzhandel m.
    Schwarzmarkt m.

    English-german dictionary > black market

  • 11 Black Hawk

    Вождь племени сок [ Sauk], родился в деревне Сокенук [Saukenuk] у устья р. Рок [ Rock River], шт. Иллинойс. В войне 1812-14 [ War of 1812] сражался на стороне англичан, в 1831 был вынужден переселиться в Айову, в 1832 вернулся в Иллинойс во главе племен сок и фокс [ Fox] [ Black Hawk War]. После поражения в войне встречался с президентом Джексоном [ Jackson, Andrew] (1833), вернулся в Айову, где и умер 3 октября 1838. Продиктованная им "Автобиография Черного Ястреба" ["Autobiography of Black Hawk"] (1833) - классическое произведение американской литературы

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Black Hawk

  • 12 Black, Harold Stephen

    [br]
    b. 14 April 1898 Leominster, Massachusetts, USA
    d. 11 December 1983 Summitt, New Jersey, USA
    [br]
    American electrical engineer who discovered that the application of negative feedback to amplifiers improved their stability and reduced distortion.
    [br]
    Black graduated from Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Massachusetts, in 1921 and joined the Western Electric Company laboratories (later the Bell Telephone Laboratories) in New York City. There he worked on a variety of electronic-communication problems. His major contribution was the discovery in 1927 that the application of negative feedback to an amplifier, whereby a fraction of the output signal is fed back to the input in the opposite phase, not only increases the stability of the amplifier but also has the effect of reducing the magnitude of any distortion introduced by it. This discovery has found wide application in the design of audio hi-fi amplifiers and various control systems, and has also given valuable insight into the way in which many animal control functions operate.
    During the Second World War he developed a form of pulse code modulation (PCM) to provide a practicable, secure telephony system for the US Army Signal Corps. From 1963–6, after his retirement from the Bell Labs, he was Principal Research Scientist with General Precision Inc., Little Falls, New Jersey, following which he became an independent consultant in communications. At the time of his death he held over 300 patents.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Institute of Electronic and Radio Engineers Lamme Medal 1957.
    Bibliography
    1934, "Stabilised feedback amplifiers", Electrical Engineering 53:114 (describes the principles of negative feedback).
    21 December 1937, US patent no. 2,106,671 (for his negative feedback discovery.
    1947, with J.O.Edson, "Pulse code modulation", Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers 66:895.
    1946, "A multichannel microwave radio relay system", Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers 65:798.
    1953, Modulation Theory, New York: D.van Nostrand.
    1988, Laboratory Management: Principles \& Practice, New York: Van Nostrand Rheinhold.
    Further Reading
    For early biographical details see "Harold S. Black, 1957 Lamme Medalist", Electrical Engineering (1958) 77:720; "H.S.Black", Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Spectrum (1977) 54.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Black, Harold Stephen

  • 13 black college

    Любой колледж или университет [ black university], созданный специально для афро-американцев [ Afro-Americans], для которых они являются предметом гордости, так как многие их выпускники занимают лидирующие позиции в различных областях. В середине 80-х гг. XX в. их было 99, из них 56 частных. Большинство находятся в южных штатах [ South]. Примерно еще в 70 колледжах низшей ступени [ junior college], основанных в 70-е гг., большинство студентов - негры. Хотя отдельные попытки создавать колледжи для негров предпринимались еще до Гражданской войны [ Civil War], большинство из них были основаны после нее. В сотрудничестве с Бюро по делам освобожденных рабов [ Freedman's Bureau] и несмотря на угрозы, избиения и убийства, на Юге этой деятельностью активно занялись религиозные группы негров и белых северян ([ Baptists, Congregationalists, Methodists, Presbyterians]). Первоначально под названием "колледж" были основаны начальные и средние школы. Эти колледжи в период легализованной сегрегации [ segregation] на Юге и из-за нежелания колледжей и университетов на Севере [ North] принимать афро-американцев вплоть до 60-х гг. XX в. давали неграм почти единственную возможность получить образование. В начале XX в. вопрос о специализации колледжей (технической или гуманитарной) стал предметом дебатов между Б. Вашингтоном [ Washington, Booker Taliaferro] и У. И. Б. Дюбуа [ Du Bois, William Edward Burghardt (W. E. B.)]. Кроме разработки специальных учебных программ [ Afro-American studies], сегодня деятельность этих колледжей включает помощь малообеспеченным семьям, работу в бедных городских кварталах и т.п. Среди проблем "черных" колледжей - недобор студентов, недостаток средств, текучесть кадров, угроза слияния с более обеспеченными "белыми" вузами и потери своего лица с отменой сегрегации, поиски новых методов в педагогике и своего места в афро-американской культуре.
    тж historically black college

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > black college

  • 14 black out


    1) вымарывать, замазывать текст черной краской;
    не пропускать, запрещать The advertisement for the concert tells where it will take place, but the date has been blacked out. ≈ На афише написано, где состоится концерт, но дату кто-то закрасил.
    2) маскировать;
    затемнять;
    выключать свет During the war we had to black out all our windows. ≈ Во время войны нам приходилось затемнять окна. The stage was blacked out to hide a change of scenery. ≈ На сцене погасили свет, чтобы сменить декорации. Syn: dim out
    3) амер. засекречивать Reports of the peace talks have been blacked out for twenty-four hours so as to allow freer argument. ≈ Информация о том, что идут мирные переговоры, была на сутки засекречена, чтобы стороны чувствовали себя свободнее.
    4) на мгновение терять сознание After the accident he blacked out and couldn't remember what happened. ≈ Во время катастрофы он потерял сознание и не помнил, что произошло. Syn: faint, collapse, pass out
    5) заглушать( радиопередачу) Television shows were blacked out as the union trouble spread. ≈ Телепередачи прекратились, когда беспорядки начали распространяться.
    вычеркивать, вымарывать ( о цензоре) заливать часть текста черной краской затемнять;
    выключать свет;
    маскировать на мгновение терять сознание или слепнуть заглушать (радиопередачу) прекратить телепередачу из-за забастовки работников телевидения

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > black out

  • 15 Black Hawk War

    Конфликт 1832 между США и индейцами сок и фокс [ Sauk, Fox] под предводительством вождя Черного Ястреба [ Black Hawk] в Иллинойсе и Висконсине. Начался в апреле, когда Черный Ястреб, возглавляя 2 тыс. индейцев, в том числе 500 воинов, перешел из Айовы в Иллинойс, стремясь отстоять земли своего народа, и разбил две бригады волонтеров, превосходившие индейцев численно в 6 раз, а затем, терпя поражение, отступил через Висконсин к р. Миссисипи [ Mississippi River], где его лагерь был обстрелян с военного парохода. 2 августа его настигли преследовавшие войска [ Bad Axe, Battle of]. Черный Ястреб скрылся, но 27 августа был схвачен воинами виннебаго [ Winnebago] и заключен на месяц в крепость Монро, шт. Вирджиния. Солдаты, игнорируя вывешенный индейцами белый флаг, уничтожили практически все племя сок. В сентябре между генералом Скоттом [Scott, General] и индейцами был подписан договор в форте Армстронг [Fort Armstrong], по которому власти получили всю восточную Айову.

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Black Hawk War

  • 16 black out

    фраз. гл.
    1) вымарывать, замазывать текст чёрной краской; не пропускать, запрещать

    The advertisement for the concert tells where it will take place, but the date has been blacked out. — На афише написано, где состоится концерт, но дату кто-то закрасил.

    2) маскировать; затемнять; выключать свет

    During the war we had to black out all our windows. — Во время войны нам приходилось затемнять окна.

    The stage was blacked out to hide a change of scenery. — На сцене погасили свет, чтобы сменить декорации.

    Syn:
    dim out
    3) амер. засекречивать

    Reports of the peace talks have been blacked out for twenty-four hours so as to allow freer argument. — Информация о том, что идут мирные переговоры, была на сутки засекречена, чтобы стороны чувствовали себя свободнее.

    After the accident he blacked out and couldn't remember what happened. — Во время катастрофы он потерял сознание и не помнил, что произошло.

    Syn:

    Television shows were blacked out as the trouble spread. — Телепередачи прекратились, когда беспорядки начали распространяться.

    Англо-русский современный словарь > black out

  • 17 Black Codes

    ист
    "черные кодексы"
    Законодательные акты, принятые в южных штатах в 1865-66 после Гражданской войны [ Civil War] и официальной отмены рабства. Касались статуса негров, трудовых отношений, судопроизводства и т.п. Хотя, по утверждению законодателей, "кодексы" имели своей целью обеспечить переход от рабства к свободе, на деле они ограничивали политические и экономических права бывших рабов. Наиболее жестким законодательство было в штатах Миссисипи и Южная Каролина, где число негров превышало число белых жителей. Несмотря на то, что Закон о гражданских правах 1866 года [ Civil Rights Act of 1866] и последовавшие за ним в течение 4 лет федеральные акты де-юре уравняли негров в правах с остальными гражданами, некоторые "кодексы" существовали еще и в XX в.

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Black Codes

  • 18 Black Republican

    ист
    "черный республиканец"
    Презрительное прозвище сторонника отмены рабства из числа членов Республиканской партии [ Republican Party] перед Гражданской войной [ Civil War]

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Black Republican

  • 19 Black Hawk War

    מלחמת "הנץ השחור", סדרת קרבות בשנת 1832 במדינות אילינוי ו-ויסקונסין שהסתיימו בטבח של השבטים האינדיאנים סאוק ופוקס (שמו של ראש השבט היה "הנץ השחור") על ידי מתנחלים אמריקאים
    * * *
    ◙ םיאקירמא םילחנתמ ידי לע ("רוחשה ץנה" היה טבשה שאר לש ומש) סקופו קואס םינאידניאה םיטבשה לש חבטב ומייתסהש ןיסנוקסיו-ו יוניליא תונידמב 2381 תנשב תוברק תרדס,"רוחשה ץנה" תמחלמ◄

    English-Hebrew dictionary > Black Hawk War

  • 20 World War II

    (1939-1945)
       In the European phase of the war, neutral Portugal contributed more to the Allied victory than historians have acknowledged. Portugal experienced severe pressures to compromise her neutrality from both the Axis and Allied powers and, on several occasions, there were efforts to force Portugal to enter the war as a belligerent. Several factors lent Portugal importance as a neutral. This was especially the case during the period from the fall of France in June 1940 to the Allied invasion and reconquest of France from June to August 1944.
       In four respects, Portugal became briefly a modest strategic asset for the Allies and a war materiel supplier for both sides: the country's location in the southwesternmost corner of the largely German-occupied European continent; being a transport and communication terminus, observation post for spies, and crossroads between Europe, the Atlantic, the Americas, and Africa; Portugal's strategically located Atlantic islands, the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde archipelagos; and having important mines of wolfram or tungsten ore, crucial for the war industry for hardening steel.
       To maintain strict neutrality, the Estado Novo regime dominated by Antônio de Oliveira Salazar performed a delicate balancing act. Lisbon attempted to please and cater to the interests of both sets of belligerents, but only to the extent that the concessions granted would not threaten Portugal's security or its status as a neutral. On at least two occasions, Portugal's neutrality status was threatened. First, Germany briefly considered invading Portugal and Spain during 1940-41. A second occasion came in 1943 and 1944 as Great Britain, backed by the United States, pressured Portugal to grant war-related concessions that threatened Portugal's status of strict neutrality and would possibly bring Portugal into the war on the Allied side. Nazi Germany's plan ("Operation Felix") to invade the Iberian Peninsula from late 1940 into 1941 was never executed, but the Allies occupied and used several air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands.
       The second major crisis for Portugal's neutrality came with increasing Allied pressures for concessions from the summer of 1943 to the summer of 1944. Led by Britain, Portugal's oldest ally, Portugal was pressured to grant access to air and naval bases in the Azores Islands. Such bases were necessary to assist the Allies in winning the Battle of the Atlantic, the naval war in which German U-boats continued to destroy Allied shipping. In October 1943, following tedious negotiations, British forces began to operate such bases and, in November 1944, American forces were allowed to enter the islands. Germany protested and made threats, but there was no German attack.
       Tensions rose again in the spring of 1944, when the Allies demanded that Lisbon cease exporting wolfram to Germany. Salazar grew agitated, considered resigning, and argued that Portugal had made a solemn promise to Germany that wolfram exports would be continued and that Portugal could not break its pledge. The Portuguese ambassador in London concluded that the shipping of wolfram to Germany was "the price of neutrality." Fearing that a still-dangerous Germany could still attack Portugal, Salazar ordered the banning of the mining, sale, and exports of wolfram not only to Germany but to the Allies as of 6 June 1944.
       Portugal did not enter the war as a belligerent, and its forces did not engage in combat, but some Portuguese experienced directly or indirectly the impact of fighting. Off Portugal or near her Atlantic islands, Portuguese naval personnel or commercial fishermen rescued at sea hundreds of victims of U-boat sinkings of Allied shipping in the Atlantic. German U-boats sank four or five Portuguese merchant vessels as well and, in 1944, a U-boat stopped, boarded, searched, and forced the evacuation of a Portuguese ocean liner, the Serpa Pinto, in mid-Atlantic. Filled with refugees, the liner was not sunk but several passengers lost their lives and the U-boat kidnapped two of the ship's passengers, Portuguese Americans of military age, and interned them in a prison camp. As for involvement in a theater of war, hundreds of inhabitants were killed and wounded in remote East Timor, a Portuguese colony near Indonesia, which was invaded, annexed, and ruled by Japanese forces between February 1942 and August 1945. In other incidents, scores of Allied military planes, out of fuel or damaged in air combat, crashed or were forced to land in neutral Portugal. Air personnel who did not survive such crashes were buried in Portuguese cemeteries or in the English Cemetery, Lisbon.
       Portugal's peripheral involvement in largely nonbelligerent aspects of the war accelerated social, economic, and political change in Portugal's urban society. It strengthened political opposition to the dictatorship among intellectual and working classes, and it obliged the regime to bolster political repression. The general economic and financial status of Portugal, too, underwent improvements since creditor Britain, in order to purchase wolfram, foods, and other materials needed during the war, became indebted to Portugal. When Britain repaid this debt after the war, Portugal was able to restore and expand its merchant fleet. Unlike most of Europe, ravaged by the worst war in human history, Portugal did not suffer heavy losses of human life, infrastructure, and property. Unlike even her neighbor Spain, badly shaken by its terrible Civil War (1936-39), Portugal's immediate postwar condition was more favorable, especially in urban areas, although deep-seated poverty remained.
       Portugal experienced other effects, especially during 1939-42, as there was an influx of about a million war refugees, an infestation of foreign spies and other secret agents from 60 secret intelligence services, and the residence of scores of international journalists who came to report the war from Lisbon. There was also the growth of war-related mining (especially wolfram and tin). Portugal's media eagerly reported the war and, by and large, despite government censorship, the Portuguese print media favored the Allied cause. Portugal's standard of living underwent some improvement, although price increases were unpopular.
       The silent invasion of several thousand foreign spies, in addition to the hiring of many Portuguese as informants and spies, had fascinating outcomes. "Spyland" Portugal, especially when Portugal was a key point for communicating with occupied Europe (1940-44), witnessed some unusual events, and spying for foreigners at least briefly became a national industry. Until mid-1944, when Allied forces invaded France, Portugal was the only secure entry point from across the Atlantic to Europe or to the British Isles, as well as the escape hatch for refugees, spies, defectors, and others fleeing occupied Europe or Vichy-controlled Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. Through Portugal by car, ship, train, or scheduled civil airliner one could travel to and from Spain or to Britain, or one could leave through Portugal, the westernmost continental country of Europe, to seek refuge across the Atlantic in the Americas.
       The wartime Portuguese scene was a colorful melange of illegal activities, including espionage, the black market, war propaganda, gambling, speculation, currency counterfeiting, diamond and wolfram smuggling, prostitution, and the drug and arms trade, and they were conducted by an unusual cast of characters. These included refugees, some of whom were spies, smugglers, diplomats, and business people, many from foreign countries seeking things they could find only in Portugal: information, affordable food, shelter, and security. German agents who contacted Allied sailors in the port of Lisbon sought to corrupt and neutralize these men and, if possible, recruit them as spies, and British intelligence countered this effort. Britain's MI-6 established a new kind of "safe house" to protect such Allied crews from German espionage and venereal disease infection, an approved and controlled house of prostitution in Lisbon's bairro alto district.
       Foreign observers and writers were impressed with the exotic, spy-ridden scene in Lisbon, as well as in Estoril on the Sun Coast (Costa do Sol), west of Lisbon harbor. What they observed appeared in noted autobiographical works and novels, some written during and some after the war. Among notable writers and journalists who visited or resided in wartime Portugal were Hungarian writer and former communist Arthur Koestler, on the run from the Nazi's Gestapo; American radio broadcaster-journalist Eric Sevareid; novelist and Hollywood script-writer Frederick Prokosch; American diplomat George Kennan; Rumanian cultural attache and later scholar of mythology Mircea Eliade; and British naval intelligence officer and novelist-to-be Ian Fleming. Other notable visiting British intelligence officers included novelist Graham Greene; secret Soviet agent in MI-6 and future defector to the Soviet Union Harold "Kim" Philby; and writer Malcolm Muggeridge. French letters were represented by French writer and airman, Antoine Saint-Exupery and French playwright, Jean Giroudoux. Finally, Aquilino Ribeiro, one of Portugal's premier contemporary novelists, wrote about wartime Portugal, including one sensational novel, Volframio, which portrayed the profound impact of the exploitation of the mineral wolfram on Portugal's poor, still backward society.
       In Estoril, Portugal, the idea for the world's most celebrated fictitious spy, James Bond, was probably first conceived by Ian Fleming. Fleming visited Portugal several times after 1939 on Naval Intelligence missions, and later he dreamed up the James Bond character and stories. Background for the early novels in the James Bond series was based in part on people and places Fleming observed in Portugal. A key location in Fleming's first James Bond novel, Casino Royale (1953) is the gambling Casino of Estoril. In addition, one aspect of the main plot, the notion that a spy could invent "secret" intelligence for personal profit, was observed as well by the British novelist and former MI-6 officer, while engaged in operations in wartime Portugal. Greene later used this information in his 1958 spy novel, Our Man in Havana, as he observed enemy agents who fabricated "secrets" for money.
       Thus, Portugal's World War II experiences introduced the country and her people to a host of new peoples, ideas, products, and influences that altered attitudes and quickened the pace of change in this quiet, largely tradition-bound, isolated country. The 1943-45 connections established during the Allied use of air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands were a prelude to Portugal's postwar membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > World War II

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